Each post should contain basic facts: Who? What experiment? Why important? It should not be copy and pasted, it should be in your own words. Also a helpful mnemonic on how we can remember the person.
Abraham Maslow was a 20th century American humanist psychologist who is most famous for developing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (the triangle). The needs from most basic to advanced are: Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization, and self transcendence. One of the early pioneers of humanistic psychology along with Carl Rogers and was a believer in the power of self improvement.
-Who: BF Skinner was a behaviorist and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior." He studied how consequences shape behavior.
-What Experiment: Skinner designed the operant chamber, or the Skinner box. The box had some sort of button that, when pressed by the animal inside the box, would give a reward. The box also had a device that records these responses.
-Mnemonic: Skinner used Shaping to guide an animal's actions toward a certain behavior.
Charles Spearman believed that we have one general intelligance. He had developed the factor anaylsis which is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items. He is important because he believed that the g factor was a common gift or skill set.
Carl Rogers Carl Rogers was most interested in improving the human condition and applying his ideas. He invented the humanistic approach and is best know for his nondirective appraoch to his treatment called client centered therapy. This therapy had an impact on domains outside of therapy such as family life, education, leadership, politics and community health. Rogers also had a concept called the actualizing tendency. This concept encompassed all of the motivations, tension, needs, and drive reductions, and creative/pleasure-seeking tendencies. He was a good comunicator in his writings and films, as well as in person. "He was able to demystify therapy; to focus on the person of the counsellor and the client; and crucially to emphasize honesty and the destructiveness of manipulation." This made his form of therapy more relaxing and easier for the patient.
mnemonic: Carl Rogers was a humanist because like Mr. Rogers he had a positive view of humanity.
Albert Bandura first stated off as a Behavorist but later became known as the Father of the cognitive monement. He came up with the term reciprocal determinism which means that environment causes behavior but behavior also causes environment. When Bandura became a cognitivist he conducted the research he is most known for, the Bobo dolls study. Here he came up with the modeling process. First the person shows attention to the action, then retention (they retain the information), then reproduction (they copy the action), and frinally motiviation (they are motivatated to do it again). To remember Bandura I just think Bandura = Bobo dolls.
Albert Ellis Ellis was a psychologist that developed the Rational Emotional Behavior Theory (REBT). REBT is a type of comprehensive psychotherapy based on the idea that whenever we become upset, it is because of our beliefs. The goal is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems so people can live happy lives by working to change their beliefs. He developed an ABC model to show people how beliefs cause them to be upset. A. Something happens B. A person has a belief about it C. Person has an emotional reaction to the belief Ellis is known as the founder of cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Ernst Weber was a German psychologist and physician born in 1795. He studied the just-noticable difference(jnd) of stimuli. He came to realize that the difference is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli instead of a constant value. It is a percentage of the original value instead of a constant number. This later became known as Weber's Law. This is important because it led to major breakthroughs in physiology and a greater understanding of the senses.
Weber. You use your eyes to surf the web and sight is a sense. Therefore weber worked with the senses.
David Rosenhan was an American psychologist who studied at the University of Yeshiva, earned his master’s degree at the University of Columbia in 1953, his Ph.D in psychology five years later, and joined the Stanford Law School in 1970. He was also a part of the faculties at Swarthmore College, Princeton University, and Haverford College even before he joined law school. In 1973 Rosenhan published his revolutionary article, “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” It detailed the Rosenhan Experiment, which changed how practitioners regarded medical diagnoses. The experiment arranged for eight individuals with no history of psychopathology to attempt admission into twelve psychiatric hospitals. All individuals were admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The eight individuals were all eventually discharged, but only when they accepted their diagnoses by their doctors, when in reality there was nothing psychologically wrong with any of them. Next Rosenhan told a psychological institute he would be conducting the experiment again, with one “actor patient” sent. Rosenhan ended up sending no actors, as he planned, but nonetheless 83 out of 193 new patients were thought to be actors by at least one staff member each. The experiment concluded that medical diagnoses and treatments were very inaccurate. Rosenhan believed in seven attributes of a mental disorder: suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards. You could remember “Rosenhan” by remembering that “Rosen-” sounds a little like “risen,” and Rosenhan gave rise to a new era of psychological diagnosis. “-Han” could correlate to “hands on” since Rosenhan’s experiment was hands on by the patients.
Aaron Beck: Beck is said to be the "father of cognitive therapy." Beck revolutionized psychotherapy by turning to science to validate techniques. He said that a person's experiences result in cognitions or thoughts. Beck is known for his experiments called Beck Depression Disorder and Beck Anxiety Disorder. From his experiments he concluded that cognitive therapy treats mostly depression but also panic disorders and eating disorders.
David McClelland was a psychologist born in 1917. He was credited with developing the Achievement Motivation Theory. The Achievement motivation theory relates personal characteristics and background to a need for achievement and the competitive drive to meet standards of excellence. Achievement motivation or need for achievement is influenced by internal factors, personal drives and external or environmental factors, pressures and expectations of society. Achievement motivation is important for organizations where success is a goal.
You could remember this by his name, David McClelland, M for motivation.
Charles Darwin - Charles Darwin was widely known throughout the world for his concept of evolution. The concept Darwinism was names after him and it means it is a set of concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species and evolution. Darwin's view on society was the "dependence of one being on another". Darwin had many theories and works published throughout his lifetime. His most famous one was the Theory of Natural Selection which he published into a book called "On the Orgins of Species". Later on in his career he moved on to the study of human evolution and sexual selection. With this research he published another book called, "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex". A mnemonice device: C- Comman Ancestors H- Human Evolution A- Ancestors R- Relation to Sex L- Lifetime E- Evolution S- Selection
Clark Hull: He was an objective behaviorist that conducted numerous hypnosis experiments and attempted but failed to create a mathematical expression that could determine motivation. He is known for his Drive Reduction Theory which states that the environment creates a need (such as hunger) and an organism acts to reduce this need or drive. He also believed that there was a learning dynamic involved in behavior; when an organism acts to reduce the drive, it is more likely to act the same way in the future. The behavior is learned and reinforced.
Elisabeth Kubler Ross Her most notable contribution was the five stages of grief model (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance). The grief cycle helps to understand the personal reaction to trauma, anything from bankruptcy to death. She is sometimes referred to as a thanatologist, coming from the word thanatology, meaning the study of death and dying. She interviewed patients facing life threatening illnesses in order to identify the stages they go through while facing death. She faced a lot of opposition because of her strong beliefs of life after death and her reputation was not always the best.
Thorndike is a famous American pyschologist. He developed the law of effect after studying cats in puzzle boxes. He conducted this experiment by putting a cat in a box with a switch on the floor that would open the box to allow them to escape. He would then record the time it would take them to step on the switch to escape. After each successful trial, the cat would become increasingly faster at stepping on the swithch and escaping. Eventually, the cat's response time would level off, producing a gradual learning curve. The cat's ability to escape from the box strengthened after each time it had successfully escaped. This theory became known as connectionism. Connectionism influenced Skinner and led to his research and development of operant conditioning. This theory is also evident in many modern behavior experiments. Nigel Thronberry studied animals. Thorndike studied cats. Connectionism.
Alfred Adler was an Austrian psychotherapist in the early 1900's and was the founder of and founder of the school of individual psychology. He believed that inferiority plays a key role in personality development.He imagined a person to be connected or associated with the surrounding world. His famous concept of the inferiority complex talks about the problem of self-esteem and its negative effect on human health. One of the first to argue in favor of feminism.
Dr. Elizabeth Loftus, a Stanford University graduate, American psychologist and human memory expert conducted extensive research on false memories and the misinformation effect. On of her most prominent studies was on the reconstruction of automobile destruction, an example of misinformation effect, which aimed to investigate whether or not an eye witness’s memory alters after receiving information of an event they experienced. This was important when interviewing witnesses in critical cases. Loftus’ findings indicated that memory of an event that is extremely flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information can have substantial effects on what the witness recalls. The original memory can be modified, changed or enhanced. Loftus has also developedthe lost in the mall technique in order to test her hypothesis that false memories can be clinically created. Although harshly criticized, Loftus supported her results with precise discussion of the validity of her experiments. Elizabeth Loftus’s experiments show importance in many court cases where the witness’s information may be the deciding factor of the case. She has received numerous rewards and honorary degrees relating to her work, including the 58th spot on the list of most influential researchers in psychology in the 20th century, being the highest ranked women on the list. Loftus feels that today's world is for science is a perilous one. If scientists want to preserve their freedoms they need to speak out “against even the most cherished beliefs that reflect unsubstantiated myths”.
Dr. David Wechsler developed the Wechsler intelligence scales. He constructed the test based on his thinking that the intelligence tests for adults, in his time, were adaptations of tests for children and were not valid for adults. He formed his new test by defining intelligence as: an individual's ability to adapt and constructively solve problems in the environment. Wechsler viewed intelligence not in terms of the amount of stuff someone can remember and know, but rather, how well they can perform. That is, the Wechsler scales do not measure one's quantity of intelligence, but instead measures one's intellectual performance. His ways of thinking and measuring intelligence were highly successful and led to his initial test for adults, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III), to be adapted to measure the intelligence of children: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) was designed for children ages 6 - 16, while the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-R (WPPSI-R) was designed for children age 4 - 6 1/2 years. The score on the test was not based on chronological age and mental age, instead it was scored by comparing the test taker's score to the scores of others in the same age group. The average score was fixed at 100, with two-thirds of scores lying in the normal range between 85 and 115. This scoring method has become the standard technique in intelligence testing. Just remember Wechsler and WWW- David Wechsler made WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI.
Daniel Goleman: Was an emotional and social psychologist. He studied social environments and how they affect the way we learn, behave and interact with others. Goleman studied learning environments and influenced the way students learn today. Social and emotional learning, SEL, is used to help enhance children's learning and helps students recognize the difference between right and wrong as well as helping them to achieve academically. His experiments involved teaching emotional intelligence to children, in which students learn and apply skills essential to living.
Goleman= the golden rule- the differences between right and wrong/life lessons
Each post should contain basic facts: Who? What experiment? Why important? It should not be copy and pasted, it should be in your own words. Also a helpful mnemonic on how we can remember the person.
ReplyDeleteAbraham Maslow was a 20th century American humanist psychologist who is most famous for developing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (the triangle). The needs from most basic to advanced are: Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization, and self transcendence. One of the early pioneers of humanistic psychology along with Carl Rogers and was a believer in the power of self improvement.
ReplyDeleteMakes
A
Sad
Loser
Optimistic
Winner
Melina Erkan, Period 1
ReplyDelete-Who: BF Skinner was a behaviorist and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior." He studied how consequences shape behavior.
-What Experiment: Skinner designed the operant chamber, or the Skinner box. The box had some sort of button that, when pressed by the animal inside the box, would give a reward. The box also had a device that records these responses.
-Mnemonic: Skinner used Shaping to guide an animal's actions toward a certain behavior.
Charles Spearman believed that we have one general intelligance. He had developed the factor anaylsis which is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items. He is important because he believed that the g factor was a common gift or skill set.
ReplyDeleteNmenomic: Spearman is a smartman
Grace Jimenez
Carl Rogers
ReplyDeleteCarl Rogers was most interested in improving the human condition and applying his ideas. He invented the humanistic approach and is best know for his nondirective appraoch to his treatment called client centered therapy. This therapy had an impact on domains outside of therapy such as family life, education, leadership, politics and community health. Rogers also had a concept called the actualizing tendency. This concept encompassed all of the motivations, tension, needs, and drive reductions, and creative/pleasure-seeking tendencies. He was a good comunicator in his writings and films, as well as in person. "He was able to demystify therapy; to focus on the person of the counsellor and the client; and crucially to emphasize honesty and the destructiveness of manipulation." This made his form of therapy more relaxing and easier for the patient.
mnemonic: Carl Rogers was a humanist because like Mr. Rogers he had a positive view of humanity.
Albert Bandura first stated off as a Behavorist but later became known as the Father of the cognitive monement. He came up with the term reciprocal determinism which means that environment causes behavior but behavior also causes environment. When Bandura became a cognitivist he conducted the research he is most known for, the Bobo dolls study. Here he came up with the modeling process. First the person shows attention to the action, then retention (they retain the information), then reproduction (they copy the action), and frinally motiviation (they are motivatated to do it again).
ReplyDeleteTo remember Bandura I just think Bandura = Bobo dolls.
Ashley Bull - Period 1
ReplyDeleteAlbert Ellis
Ellis was a psychologist that developed the Rational Emotional Behavior Theory (REBT). REBT is a type of comprehensive psychotherapy based on the idea that whenever we become upset, it is because of our beliefs. The goal is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems so people can live happy lives by working to change their beliefs. He developed an ABC model to show people how beliefs cause them to be upset.
A. Something happens
B. A person has a belief about it
C. Person has an emotional reaction to the belief
Ellis is known as the founder of cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Mnemonic: Ellis studied Emotion
Ernst Weber was a German psychologist and physician born in 1795. He studied the just-noticable difference(jnd) of stimuli. He came to realize that the difference is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli instead of a constant value. It is a percentage of the original value instead of a constant number. This later became known as Weber's Law. This is important because it led to major breakthroughs in physiology and a greater understanding of the senses.
ReplyDeleteWeber. You use your eyes to surf the web and sight is a sense. Therefore weber worked with the senses.
Nice job Ben!
DeleteVery good job!
DeleteSon! Get off the computer and go back to your chores...
DeleteDavid Rosenhan
ReplyDeleteDavid Rosenhan was an American psychologist who studied at the University of Yeshiva, earned his master’s degree at the University of Columbia in 1953, his Ph.D in psychology five years later, and joined the Stanford Law School in 1970. He was also a part of the faculties at Swarthmore College, Princeton University, and Haverford College even before he joined law school. In 1973 Rosenhan published his revolutionary article, “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” It detailed the Rosenhan Experiment, which changed how practitioners regarded medical diagnoses. The experiment arranged for eight individuals with no history of psychopathology to attempt admission into twelve psychiatric hospitals. All individuals were admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The eight individuals were all eventually discharged, but only when they accepted their diagnoses by their doctors, when in reality there was nothing psychologically wrong with any of them. Next Rosenhan told a psychological institute he would be conducting the experiment again, with one “actor patient” sent. Rosenhan ended up sending no actors, as he planned, but nonetheless 83 out of 193 new patients were thought to be actors by at least one staff member each. The experiment concluded that medical diagnoses and treatments were very inaccurate. Rosenhan believed in seven attributes of a mental disorder: suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards. You could remember “Rosenhan” by remembering that “Rosen-” sounds a little like “risen,” and Rosenhan gave rise to a new era of psychological diagnosis. “-Han” could correlate to “hands on” since Rosenhan’s experiment was hands on by the patients.
Aaron Beck:
ReplyDeleteBeck is said to be the "father of cognitive therapy." Beck revolutionized psychotherapy by turning to science to validate techniques. He said that a person's experiences result in cognitions or thoughts. Beck is known for his experiments called Beck Depression Disorder and Beck Anxiety Disorder. From his experiments he concluded that cognitive therapy treats mostly depression but also panic disorders and eating disorders.
B-Beck
E- Experimented
C- Cognitive-therapy
K- Knowledge
David McClelland was a psychologist born in 1917. He was credited with developing the Achievement Motivation Theory. The Achievement motivation theory relates personal characteristics and background to a need for achievement and the competitive drive to meet standards of excellence. Achievement motivation or need for achievement is influenced by internal factors, personal drives and external or environmental factors, pressures and expectations of society. Achievement motivation is important for organizations where success is a goal.
ReplyDeleteYou could remember this by his name, David McClelland, M for motivation.
Charles Darwin
ReplyDelete- Charles Darwin was widely known throughout the world for his concept of evolution. The concept Darwinism was names after him and it means it is a set of concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species and evolution. Darwin's view on society was the "dependence of one being on another". Darwin had many theories and works published throughout his lifetime. His most famous one was the Theory of Natural Selection which he published into a book called "On the Orgins of Species". Later on in his career he moved on to the study of human evolution and sexual selection. With this research he published another book called, "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex". A mnemonice device:
C- Comman Ancestors
H- Human Evolution
A- Ancestors
R- Relation to Sex
L- Lifetime
E- Evolution
S- Selection
Clark Hull:
ReplyDeleteHe was an objective behaviorist that conducted numerous hypnosis experiments and attempted but failed to create a mathematical expression that could determine motivation. He is known for his Drive Reduction Theory which states that the environment creates a need (such as hunger) and an organism acts to reduce this need or drive. He also believed that there was a learning dynamic involved in behavior; when an organism acts to reduce the drive, it is more likely to act the same way in the future. The behavior is learned and reinforced.
Clark Drives Really Really Large Trucks
Clark= Drive Reduction + Reinforced Learning Theories
Elisabeth Kubler Ross
ReplyDeleteHer most notable contribution was the five stages of grief model
(denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance). The grief cycle helps to understand the personal reaction to trauma, anything from bankruptcy to death. She is sometimes referred to as a thanatologist, coming from the word thanatology, meaning the study of death and dying. She interviewed patients facing life threatening illnesses in order to identify the stages they go through while facing death. She faced a lot of opposition because of her strong beliefs of life after death and her reputation was not always the best.
Thorndike is a famous American pyschologist. He developed the law of effect after studying cats in puzzle boxes. He conducted this experiment by putting a cat in a box with a switch on the floor that would open the box to allow them to escape. He would then record the time it would take them to step on the switch to escape. After each successful trial, the cat would become increasingly faster at stepping on the swithch and escaping. Eventually, the cat's response time would level off, producing a gradual learning curve. The cat's ability to escape from the box strengthened after each time it had successfully escaped. This theory became known as connectionism. Connectionism influenced Skinner and led to his research and development of operant conditioning. This theory is also evident in many modern behavior experiments.
ReplyDeleteNigel Thronberry studied animals. Thorndike studied cats. Connectionism.
Stephen Cimino
ReplyDeleteAlfred Adler was an Austrian psychotherapist in the early 1900's and was the founder of and founder of the school of individual psychology. He believed that inferiority plays a key role in personality development.He imagined a person to be connected or associated with the surrounding world. His famous concept of the inferiority complex talks about the problem of self-esteem and its negative effect on human health. One of the first to argue in favor of feminism.
Dr. Elizabeth Loftus, a Stanford University graduate, American psychologist and human memory expert conducted extensive research on false memories and the misinformation effect. On of her most prominent studies was on the reconstruction of automobile destruction, an example of misinformation effect, which aimed to investigate whether or not an eye witness’s memory alters after receiving information of an event they experienced. This was important when interviewing witnesses in critical cases. Loftus’ findings indicated that memory of an event that is extremely flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information can have substantial effects on what the witness recalls. The original memory can be modified, changed or enhanced. Loftus has also developedthe lost in the mall technique in order to test her hypothesis that false memories can be clinically created. Although harshly criticized, Loftus supported her results with precise discussion of the validity of her experiments. Elizabeth Loftus’s experiments show importance in many court cases where the witness’s information may be the deciding factor of the case. She has received numerous rewards and honorary degrees relating to her work, including the 58th spot on the list of most influential researchers in psychology in the 20th century, being the highest ranked women on the list. Loftus feels that today's world is for science is a perilous one. If scientists want to preserve their freedoms they need to speak out “against even the most cherished beliefs that reflect unsubstantiated myths”.
ReplyDeleteMnemonic: Loftus = loss of memory
Dr. David Wechsler developed the Wechsler intelligence scales. He constructed the test based on his thinking that the intelligence tests for adults, in his time, were adaptations of tests for children and were not valid for adults. He formed his new test by defining intelligence as: an individual's ability to adapt and constructively solve problems in the environment. Wechsler viewed intelligence not in terms of the amount of stuff someone can remember and know, but rather, how well they can perform. That is, the Wechsler scales do not measure one's quantity of intelligence, but instead measures one's intellectual performance. His ways of thinking and measuring intelligence were highly successful and led to his initial test for adults, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III), to be adapted to measure the intelligence of children: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) was designed for children ages 6 - 16, while the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-R (WPPSI-R) was designed for children age 4 - 6 1/2 years. The score on the test was not based on chronological age and mental age, instead it was scored by comparing the test taker's score to the scores of others in the same age group. The average score was fixed at 100, with two-thirds of scores lying in the normal range between 85 and 115. This scoring method has become the standard technique in intelligence testing.
ReplyDeleteJust remember Wechsler and WWW- David Wechsler made WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI.
Daniel Goleman:
ReplyDeleteWas an emotional and social psychologist. He studied social environments and how they affect the way we learn, behave and interact with others. Goleman studied learning environments and influenced the way students learn today. Social and emotional learning, SEL, is used to help enhance children's learning and helps students recognize the difference between right and wrong as well as helping them to achieve academically. His experiments involved teaching emotional intelligence to children, in which students learn and apply skills essential to living.
Goleman= the golden rule- the differences between right and wrong/life lessons